Am I imagining it or is fascism slowly becoming respectable again? China's a fascist country in some respects, and in my more paranoid moments I wonder if its success is prompting some people to wonder if we should follow them down the same path. It's a creepy thought.
If you ask college students who their favorite philosopher is, the chances are that they'll say Nietzche. Yes Nietzche, the same guy who believes in the world-changing superman whose morality transcends notions of good and evil. What's with that?
And the news is full of troubling ideas. The latest one for me was a high-ranking official in Britain saying that new discoveries in economics have proved that economic crises are caused by erroneous ideas held by the public, and that the government needs to launch a propaganda campaign to instill the right ideas. There's a sense in which that idea is innocuous and completely innocent, but in my paranoid moments I imagine Josef Goebbels saying the same thing.
Okay, I admit I'm probably too sensitive about this stuff. I'm a classical Enlightenment-era liberal. I believe in parliaments, individual rights, checks and balances, a free press, tolerance of opposing views, private property, competitive business, and all that. Every once in a while I like to be reassured that we're all more or less on the same page in that respect.
A philosopher you hear more and more about these days is Carl Schmitt, an unrepentant Nazi legal philosopher who believed that any effective government must include an element of dictatorial power within its constitution. It must be able to assert that something is right, just because it is, and is beyond rational argument. He hints that people who insist on arguing the issue anyway, must be isolated and made to appear anti-social.
I'm amazed that an intelligent guy like Schmitt could buy into an idea which is so clearly open to abuse, but Schmitt was a legal scholar and those guys have a narrow focus. They don't like messy things like English common law, with its emphasis on precedent and tradition. They're looking for fundamental principals. A simplifying assumption that a party or a leader can do no wrong (as long as they don't change their minds), allows them to construct a logically consistent set of laws, and I guess consistency is all they really care about.
What sets Schmitt apart from other Nazi theoreticians that I've heard about, is that Schmitt frames his ideas in a sugar-coated language that modern academics can relate to. His most famous book, "The Concept of the Political" never mentions fascism. He simply asks if we desire to keep alive the concept of politics, i.e., a state that has a political point of view, is effective, and gets things done. Well, everybody wants to see things get done. When you frame it in a nice way like that, Schmitt's ideas seem downright reasonable. Except they're not.
Okay, enough of this! That's the end of my paranoid rant!
BTW: how do you like these WWII era posters? The black and white picture on the top is an ink wash, isn't it? I'm astonished at what can be accomplished with ink and a little bit of water.
46 comments:
I love the posters! The last one with Hitler's undies is extremely cute! Hitler is such a character.
But yes, the idea of fascism gives me the creeps.
It's cool to hear you're an oldschool liberal Eddie! I was under the impression you were an objectivist/libertarian type from you Ayn Rand posts. Was surprised you were so critical since she is so heavily influenced by Nietzsche. I actually think Ayn Rand and Nietzsche can be inspiraitonal from a personal motivation, artistic integrity standpoint but I dislike how their philosophy translates into a contempt for social welfare among some, especially millionaire stock broker types.
Oh, dear! Here I haven't been checking out the Theory Club in a couple of weeks, and you've had some of your most informative posts yet! I love that Clampett v. Freleng video, I discovered it some months ago, and studied it just as intently. This facism post gave me a lot to noodle on about...but I'd like to add, none of my young friends are Nietzsche fans!
I don't really know as much about philosophy as you, since I'm still a student myself, but those propaganda posters are wonderful. Just looking at them, you can clearly tell why America was able to win the Second World War and utterly transform itself into the democratic superpower that it is today, technologically and scientifically speaking. What if propaganda like this existed for the so-called "War on Terror" that we're in right now? Do you think that we would have accomplished more during the past few years, despite having George W. Bush in power for most of that tenure?
No. Fascism is terrible.
P.S. love those WWII posters.
I'm with you on this. Most of my younger cohorts would love more government control of their lives.
I'm opening a whole can of worms here but our global economy is forcing us to become so politically correct no one wants to speak out about anything. We're also getting in bed with people who want to wipe us off the map. I'm not paranoid, there's just people out to get me!
I am against fascism. I don't know if I can go much deeper than that, as I don't think I am qualified to talk about these things.
BTW, I love these posters!! I love the Fluck and Law sculptures.
Mamma mia- what great taste you have U. Edwdie. I wish there was a "favourite" option in blogger. These are inspiring and reminds that I'm not really blowing it in my drawings
I somewhat doubt that fascism is seeing a resurgence. If anything, its becoming even more obsolete due the freedom of speech and individualism that developments in technology such as the internet has allowed us. Just look at the recent events in Tunisia and Egypt.
Oh and concerning fascism... politicians are constantly acting as our fathers. We DON'T need fathers, we need guides. We're NOT little kids who are constantly telling us the rules of the house. Policy is constantly fascism but with small, different excuses.
This based more on what I read in "newspapers" and constantly receiving e-mails from contacts explaining what really happens around our city.
Fascism's a fascinating hot-button word because nobody wants to be associated with it, even fascists. It's also the first epithet an intellectually insecure person throws at you when arguing. I've been called a fascist lots of times.
I think lots of people admire fascism without recognizing that impulse in themselves: they want impossibly brilliant leaders to make all the right decisions for us and always have enough power to make it so. The first step to resisting fascism is understanding that people are neither perfect nor perfectible.
The "shift" of which you speak is that American education has been destroyed by hippies and no one is taught how this country was such a unique break in world history from the tradition of kings and clergy. I'm only 25 and I've talked to a lot of peers who glibly assert that no system of government is superior to any other, because multiculturalism and political correctness taught them not to make value judgments. They take everything for granted.
Economically, fascism is a system wherein businesses and industries are owned privately, but the government tells them how to run it all, and what to manufacture.
We may now have more of fascism than we should feel comfortable with (from both sides of the aisle.
It must be able to assert that something is right, just because it is, and is beyond rational argument. He hints that people who insist on arguing the issue anyway, must be isolated and made to appear anti-social.
This very thing happens on a lot of blogs full of cronies. The blogger posts something, a number of his/her agree, one offers a bit of dissent and then the rest gang up on him/her (sometimes the blogger participates in this, sometimes not).
I would definitely say that this is NOT smooth way to run things. That's basically how Stephen Harper is running the Canadian government now and it's doing much more harm than good.
Sadly, I have to agree with just about everything you've said here, except for your interpretation of Nietzsche. The only word he ever applied to his own political stance was "anti-political." As Walter Kaufmann pointed out long ago, this is pretty much the opposite of fascism.
BTW, if you want to say "we're headed toward fascism" without sounding paranoid, just call it "corporatism." Then define corporatism as "a politic-economic system in which capital is nominally in private hands but the government organizes and manages the economy as a a single corporate body, indirectly achieving the same effect as government ownership of the means of production." Same thing.
... and that indeed is where we are headed, unless the system changes course.
fascist art
Hi Chip,
I believe, from my point of view, you're being abit superficial here. Hippies detroying history? They take everything for granted? they want impossibly brilliant leaders?
I believe in peace and going swimming is much more beneficious (specially the times we're going through) than reading the newspaper. Newspaper never guarantees you the truth. Swimming makes you believe in something (in yourself). This with the point that I'm not a hippie, I think there are some cons in being a hippie which I'm not yet interested.
Which is the biggest con.
Power.
We're addicted to power. The computer. Television. Propaganda. Internet Playstation. Wii. Cigarettes. Beer. When you consume them you feel like a king.
But notice that, none of these adictions are really dangerous, how people consume make them even more dangerous than any other drug. People think that when they're chatting in the internet is the same as a real conversation. If we were chatting face to face the situation would be real different. Why do people get angry so easily in internet? Because the computer didn't gave them what they wanted.
They turn into machines, without really knowing NOTHING of what they really want in life. They don't want each other, they're not interested in each other, too much reading the news that are obviously edited, changed, like any history book.
Last, but not least, is the people that actually have the "real" power. You know what happened in Animal Farm, right? Well, it's been written for something, not just to say "Oh". People you thought you knew suddenly turn crazy.
I'll put you this last example- Imagine you're a father who's trying to keep your house and your three children. You have a great crisis problem (like anyone we know) The only thing you do is work, work, and work. You never, ever have time for your family, never. And when you do, you're way too tired to share a peaceful moment with them. Children turn sad, and then angry. They turn against their father. What's worse, missing a child or missing toilet paper. Well, many "policies" believe in the first option. They prefer people dying than missing toilet paper. Too much living in the crap actually makes you believe it's a good thing.
One last recommendation... I know you know, so I don't really know- read/watch (starring Ted Danson) Gulliver's travels. It makes you eat your own brain and suddenly you see everything in a fresh way.
Read any parody you find, Asterix, anything.
Cheers and all the best of health.
Sculpture, Profilo contino del Duce (Continuous profile of Mussolini), 1933
Renato Bertelli (Italian, 1900–74)
Florence
Later manufactured by Ditta Effeffe, Milan, with Mussolini’s approval, patent no. 1073
Bronzed terra-cotta
11 x 9"
84.6.4
This dynamic sculpture is an official portrait of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who approved its design. It shows the distinctive profile of the Fascist leader rotated 360 degrees - it seems to be more a machine than a man’s head. The work, modeled in ceramic, was replicated in metal and offered for sale. Mussolini as "Il Duce" - the Leader - used his own image in propaganda and made it a symbol of his government and its policies.
For this portrait, the sculptor Renato Bertelli followed Futurist precepts of time and motion, employing the avant-garde concepts of simultaneity to create a profile, usually a two-dimensional image, in three dimensions.
Fascism took hold in Italy in the years following the First World War, as political factions - Socialists, Communists, and Nationalists - grappled for power. In 1919 Benito Mussolini, a young editor and the son of a blacksmith, founded a political group called Il Fascio di Combattimenti - or a fighting group. Their symbol was a sheaf of reeds bound together with an ax - the emblem of Ancient Roman officials. The Fascists became an official political power in 1921. They called for Italy to "reaffirm her right to complete historic and geographic unity and to fulfill her mission as the bulwark of Latin civilization."
They swept into power with their famous March on Rome in 1922. A general strike had been called for across all of Italy; Mussolini declared that unless the government prevented the strike, the Fascists would. "Either the government will be given to us or we will seize it by marching on Rome," he cried.
Mussolini became Italy’s prime minister. He carried out social reforms and institutional large projects, maintaining order by virtue of a police state. From 1925 he was the "Head of Government" - dictator. He supported Adolf Hitler and sided with the Axis powers during the Second World War, and at the close of war, while trying to escape, Mussolini was caught and executed by Italian partisan soldiers.
What's wrong with facism? So you murder a few people, what's wrong with that? They probably had a good reason! What's the big deal?
Joel: True enough! It's scary!
Lester: I could be wrong, but I've heard that Walter Kaufmann attempted to recast and soften Nietzsche's image for the post war world. His post war translations are alleged to have favored the mildest interpretations of Nietzsche's words, and those are the translations everybody reads nowadays.
If that's true, maybe we should consult pre-war editions for balance. I have Mencken's pre-war book on Nietzsche on hold at the library. I wonder what that's like.
Hey, I got The Chinese cookbook you recommended from the library! It looks interesting! The recipes I read called for hot, spicey seasoning, though. I need wimpy mild versions.
Caty: Holy Mackerel! What a letter!
Thomas: Thanks for the link! It's interesting that Futurists had a role to play in fascism. So did anarchists, socialist unionists, nationalists, Marxists, Marxist revisionists and 19th century Romantics. I don't think the Romantic era is well understood now. My guess is that It was weirder and more influential on the present than most people think.
Anon: Thanks! I'm an Enlightenment era liberal. For me that never went out of style. As an artist I'm partly a Romantic. It's hard not to be.
I think you're right about Futurism being weirder than what most people think, based on a face value reading. There was more to it than just making stuff look like it was going fast.
But the image I posted is very, very late futurism, a good 10-15 years after futurism, as a discernible movement, was over.
The Wolfsonian Museum (the link) has some interesting artifacts,and is not all that well known. Its in Miami.
Love these pictures Eddie!
Thomas: What is the Wolfsonian? I'll have to go back to that site and look around some more.
Kali, Sandra: Yes, Hitler inspired some good art!
I've been listening to History of Rome by Mike Duncan, and it plugs right into all of this, considering Rome is where we get our concept of "dictator."
What I've learned is that there is no arguing against the effectiveness of a single person with a clear vision and absolute power. Often such a person acts for the greater good, and you can get an Alexander, a Julius, or an Augustus. However, once all power is consolidated into a single person, that power must be passed on once the leader dies. Sadly, the inheritor may or may not be suited to the job, and history gives us no way to ensure that a good dictator will always fall into place once the old one dies.
History shows that the only lasting effective government is one in which a single person can assume power in times of crisis and then, miraculously, step down once the crisis has passed. America experienced this miracle when Franklin Roosevelt took a third term in office, ignoring the constitution but giving the country the singular focus it needed to succeed in WWII. However, once Roosevelt's third term was over the system snapped back into place, whereas the power-consolidating Patriot Act is still around, and may continue to be around for quite some time.
thewolfsonian
What's really startling about some of those cartoons is that they make Hirohito look black! I took a class on Puerto Rico last semester, and we spent some time looking at political cartoons from the Spanish-American war. Often the cartoonist made Puerto Ricans into these little "pickaninny" figures. It was so weird and ignorant. They gave exactly the same treatment to Hirohito 40 years later. It's like the cartoonists saw the world as divided into two groups: white folks, and everyone else a pygmy tribesman from Darkest Africa, er, Japan.
I’m afraid I don't really have anything to add to this conversation. But I just want to know where those sculptures are from?
Fried: Interesting! Sometimes I think there's only two races, white and black. Most people who call themselves brown are actually white, as are Asians and American Indians. Even Aborigines and Etheopians are white. It's a silly and unscientific notion, and no racism is implied, it's just my default way of thinking about things when my rational mind is in low gear.
Jules: Those were done by the people who did "Spitting Image" for British TV.
Thanks Eddie. I really dig that detailed grotesqueness, you should check out this modern artist Rafael Grampa http://furrywater.wordpress.com/, his work reminds me of Basil Wolverton.
This is a great post, Eddy and I'm with you. Great cartoons too.
Severin: Roosevelt was elected FOUR times.At the time, there was no rule prohibiting a President from serving two terms, it was just considered tradition since Washington chose to step down after two terms. The 22nd ammendment, that prohibits a president from serving more than twice, was put in place by the Republicans when they won the majority in congress after FDR died.
Nietzche is also a beloved figure of the French -non-communist- Left, and had his work bastardized by both Nazis and 19th century anti-Semites, whose appropriation of his work Nietzche denounced in his lifetime. The Critique of Western Metaphysics was intended to be life affirming, where N. proposed that Judeo-Christian metaphysics is hostile to life and the body. Superman is in fact a bad translation of Ubermensch, which is not racial in it's conception, but a state of mind in relation to morality. Nietzche often called himself extra-moral, (see Ecce Homo)... Social Darwinists also caricature Nietzche's thought into some kind of brutal phislosphy of the power-grab. China is not fascist proper, but is a terrifying admixture of totalitarianism sustained by state regulated capitalism. We do have reason to be concerned. Read Hannah Arendt's Origins of Totalitarianism for really compelling andf in-depth study of this phenomenon.
Kirk: Interesting comment, but In my opinion you're being too easy on Nietzsche. He wasn't an anti-semite like his sister, but that doesn't let him off the hook. His superman idea was loaded with obvious potential for abuse, and his loathing of Christianity was silly in view of the fact that he proposed to replace it with something vague that had the potential to be even more oppressive.
Nietzsche was immature and wanted to say things that would startle and get him into the limelight. People talk about how friendly and humble he was in person, which I'm sure he was, but that's not the way he wanted to appear in print. He definitely was one of the several fathers of fascism, even though that wasn't the outcome he was hoping for, and even though he might not have liked the fascists if he'd met them. I imagine that he thought the supermen would all be educated aristocrats.
I don't think Neitzsche was even a good scholar. I have doubts about his interpretation of Greek culture, and his knowledge of Christianity was incredibly slight for someone who devoted his life to attacking it. The pacifist Christianity that Neitzsche detested had long ago been modified by the concept of chivalry to accept the notion of the noble warrior. Christians were more than willing to fight under the right circumstances. Neitzsche was attacking a straw man. He didn't even make an attempt to understand the people he hated.
In my opinion Neitzsche is way, way overrated. He may even have been crazy. You can't deny that he influenced history, but his was a negative influence. On the positive side, he was a great literary figure, and that's all.
A long time ago I read some of Arendt and wasn't impressed. There are better books on the subject by less well-known authors. I do like her banality of evil comment, though. I'll give her another try one of these days.
Sorry if I seem rigid in my opinions about this stuff. I don't pretend to possess any authority on this subject. I haven't read Neitzsche in years.
You have expressed admiration for Ayn Rand and I don't really see how she differs from Nietzsche?
Anon: Rand believed that we all have rights which nobody, not even the superman, can revoke. She attempted to make a logical argument for how those rights come about. Neitzsche didn't argue, he asserted.
Jules: The article you linked to ws in Spanish and I couldn't read it. I didn't see any samples of Granpa's work in the article.
The fact you admire Rand so much makes me want to read her stuff. It's just that so many of her advocates are Libertarian, Wall Street, Alan Greenspan types who oppose health reform and raising taxes on the wealthy. Anyone who makes millions of dollars a year should have their tax rate set at least 75% yet trying to get it back to 39 from 36 cauaes pepople to scream about how Obama is "redistributing wealth" and is a socialist. Peter Thiel is the prime example of the libertarian objectivist billionaire type I despise, him and the Koch brothers.
Anon: I'm dying to answer that, but I'd need thousands of words, and blogs just aren't structured for that. The best political discussion I know of is on BookTV where an author who's an expert on a subject is given an hour to discuss the book he just wrote.
The problem is that he's always forced to take talky questions from the audience. You get questions like "I have a three part question, but in order to ask it, I have to explain why I'm asking it, and give examples from my long and interesting life..."
Oops, sorry, here's his flickr account, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rafaelgrampa/
Jules: Wow! Gampa can draw! And those 3D figures are great! Thanks for the tip!
Hatred and Nietzche really don't resonate with me, Eddie. I fail to see him in any of your comment. He wrote with a flair for controversy, true. However, he niether set forward a state structure, nor a sytematic ethics, like Hegel or Kant, or any of the 16th century English. He worked in the form of critique and was quite literary. He undermined the very concept of ultimate Truth, sought to debunk all the major philosophical endevours, rejected the concept of causation. The Ubermensch, or Superman, only appears in Zarathustra, a poem. Obviously there is difficulty in interpreting such a figure in clear theoretical terms from a work of verse. What manner of abomination has not occured in the name of the inscrutible beauty and humanity of Jesus Christ? Have you read Human, All too Human, The Gay Science, Twilight of the Idols, Beyond Good and Evil--independently, or collectively? It doesn't seem so.
Even those of us who believe the Nazis went too far in their later years admire what they attempted to restore to the West before the war broke out: a sense of community, real culture rather than the vapid slop that Jew Hollywood and the Jew media foists upon us, discipline, a respect for hierarchy, honour and pride and virtue instead of endless cynicism and nihilism. All of these have been either lost or deeply attenuated thanks to the last half-century of untrammeled liberalism. You liberals are mistaken if you believe that people can ever be satisfied for long with materialism and hedonism and a facile optimism in the "goodness" of humanity and scientific "progress" and, most of all, the myth of egalitarianism -- a myth so risible that any child with eyes and ears can perceive its hollow center.
We, as the rising generation, want more than the bourgeois liberal ideal of "comfort." No, we demand more. Even if that entails putting our lives at risk.
Heil Hitler!
Anon: Holy Cow! It never occurred to me that a real nazi would ever read this article, let alone respond to it. Well, you presented an argument without resorting to name calling, so I'll respond in kind.
Taken as a group. the jews I've met in America are unusually kind, articulate and intelligent. I don't understand why the nazis chose them to pick on. If some of them do well in business, we should be grateful for that, because their expertise provides jobs for everybody else.
My possibly wrong guess is that jews are disproportionately represented in the heirarchy of radical left politics (at least they used to be), and since I'm not a radical leftist that seems a shame to me, but I don't think that's a reason to dislike jews. Radicalism and nihilism are ideas that university educated people seem especially vulnerable to, and jews are big on education. So were Germans, and they had the same vulnerability.
Read a book (out of print) called "The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy" and you'll see that that the dark, persecuting side of extreme left politics had it's start in the years before the French Revolution, and I'm not aware that many jews were inolved in that. Obviously jewish thinkers contributed to later radical philosophy, but why isolate them for special censure and give the gentile fathers of radicalism a pass card?
I agree that the West is steeped in deacadence, and that something needs to be done about it, but you have to be careful lest the cure becomes worse than the disease. Whatever happened to simple persuasion? If people who are alarmed about decadence went on the debate circuit instead of wearing swatstikas they'd get a lot more converts.
Finally, why do you buy into National Socialism? As an economic system it no doubt produces more wealth than Marxist socialism, but it probably produces a lot less wealth than capitalism, and it's an inherently unstable system.
The national socialists pulled Germany out of the depression by motivating a lot of Germans to work for free, and by expropriating other people's wealth, but you can't do that indefinitely. The long range economic future of fascist Germany would have been bleak. After Hitler's death it would have lapsed into bureaucracy, corruption and stagnation.
And why the admiration for Hitler? You said that you admire the earlier Hitler only, but it seems to me that the later genocidal, king-like Hitler was a logical extention of the younger man. By cenralizing power Hitler insured that his own limitations would become the nation's limitations. As time went on he appointed more and more mediochre people (and sometimes downright crazy people) just because they were loyal. Believe me, if he had negotiated an end to the war, and stayed in power, a gloomy, inefficient Breznev-type bureaucracy would have succeeded him.
Really, we're a lot better off with capitalism and liberty.
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